Essentials of Theory 1 – AT rewrite

I have rewritten all essay questions from this exam. Essay questions require manual grading, all answers are assumed correct until graded. I am very very behind with grading.

For this course I believe there is 30 mins for the exam in the total # of CEUs.

It is possible to make questions worth varying number of points

Please forgive me any content errors, I am not an OT

Time limit: 0

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Question 1 of 28

1. Question
Define myelination and explain what role it plays in relation to somatosensory system receptors.
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Question 2 of 28

2. Question
Which of the following statements are correct? Select ALL correct statements
- Myelin is a fatty substance that covers somatosensory system receptors.
- Myelination is the process where receptors are covered in varying amounts of myelin
- Receptors with more myelin are known as uncapsulated
- Receptors with less myelin transmit slow more diffuse impulses
- Faster transmission of impulses is associated with modulation
- Faster transmission of impulses is associated with discrimination
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Question 3 of 28

3. Question
Describe where proprioceptive receptors are located and how each receptor is activated.
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Question 4 of 28

4. Question

There are three different types of proprioceptive receptors, match the following descriptions with the appropriate receptor.

Sort elements

Golgi tendon organs
Joint receptors
Muscle spindles

Located at the insertion of the muscles and in the fascia these receptors are activated by fast muscle contractions

Located in the joint capsule these receptors are activated by traction and compression

Located inside the muscle these receptors are activated by changes in length of the muscle

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Question 5 of 28

5. Question
State where tactile receptors are located and what stimuli activates them.
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Question 6 of 28

6. Question

There are six different types of tactile receptors, match the following descriptions with the appropriate receptor.

Sort elements

Free-nerve endings
Merkel's Disc
Ruffini organs, ends or corpuscles
Meissner's corpuscles
Hair follicle endings
Pacinian corpuscles

Located in the dermis, joint capsules, tendons and ligaments these receptors are activated by pain and temperature

Located in the epidermis of hairless skin or hair follicles these receptors are activated by touch pressure

Located in joint capsules and subcutaneous tissue these receptors are activated by touch pressure

Located in the papillae of the skin and the mucous membrane of the tongue these receptors are activated by touch and vibration

Located at the end of hair follicles these receptors are activated by light touch and vibration

Located in the subcutaneous tissues these receptors are activated by pressure, vibration and tickle

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Question 7 of 28

7. Question
Describe, briefly, Dunn’s Model of Sensory Processing.
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Question 8 of 28

8. Question
Which of the following statements about Dunn’s model of sensory processing is NOT true
- It is based on the interaction of sensory thresholds and behavioral response to environment
- individuals with a high sensory threshold require more input to activate their neurological system, so may appear unresponsive to stimuli
- Is a model of modulation and discrimination
- Four basic patterns are identified – Sensory Seeking, Sensory Avoiding, Sensory Sensitive and Low Registration
- Sensory Sensitive individuals have a low sensory threshold and passively respond to the environment
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Question 9 of 28

9. Question
What are the three overarching postulates of sensory integration theory?
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Question 10 of 28

10. Question
Using words from the list below complete the three overarching postulates of sensory integration theory.

adaptive / awkward / conceptual / dependent / environment / independent / learning / meaningful / routine
- A. Learning is on the ability of the individual to take in sensory information derived from the and from movement of the body, integrate this sensory information, and then use this information to plan and produce and motor behavior.
  
  B. When an individual has deficits in sensory integration, deficits in planning and producing and motor behavior occur, and this can interfere with the process.
  
  C. The provision of enhanced opportunities for sensory intake, provided within the context of a activity, and the planning and production of an behavior, will improve the sensory integration process and enhance learning.
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Question 11 of 28

11. Question
List the six assumptions underlying sensory integrative theory.
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Question 12 of 28

12. Question
Complete the following paragraph using words from the list below to fill in the blanks

adaptive / change / closed / developmental / hierarchically / inner / learned / linearly / open / outer / plan / plasticity / rigidity / stasis
- Sensory integrative theory assumes the brain functions as an integrated whole, but is composed of systems that are organized; that the person and the nervous system are systems, capable of self-regulation, self-organization, and ; that there is within the nervous system; that the sensory integrative process occurs in a sequence; that individuals have an drive to develop sensory integration through participation in sensorimotor activities; and that evincing an behavior promotes sensory integration, and the ability to an adaptive behavior reflects sensory integration—a spiral process
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Question 13 of 28

13. Question
What five characteristics of stimulation can be altered to enhance elicitation of registration?
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Question 14 of 28

14. Question
Which of the following events would probably enhance elicitation of registration.? Please select all that apply
- A whistle which is blown 20 times each blow lasting 2 seconds and spaced 2 seconds apart
- Background music which changes in rhythm
- A parent changes their grip on their child's hand while stopping for a passing car.
- A tree you pass on the way to work blossoms
- A boring repetitive task
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Question 15 of 28

15. Question
Explain the difference between passive and active attention.
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Question 16 of 28

16. Question
You are at school observing a class, which of the following children are paying active attention? Please select all that apply
- Child A is trying to complete the problem set before the end of the lesson
- Child B looks up as the principal enters the room.
- Child C is listening to the teacher explain how to complete a problem
- The whole class is disturbed by the fire alarm
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Question 17 of 28

17. Question
Define lateral or surround inhibition, explain how it works, how it relates to the transmitting of tactile information, and why it is important.
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Question 18 of 28

18. Question
Complete the following paragraph using words from the list below to fill in the blanks

defensiveness / disabling / excitement / inhibiting / precision / spread
- Lateral or surround inhibition is a means of providing in transmitting tactile information to provide pinpoint localization and exact interpretation of input. Each time an individual is touched, many receptor units are activated which excites neurons that represent the receptor field. Simultaneously excited neurons exert an influence on neighboring neurons the spread of the stimulus. When lateral or surround inhibition is not activated, there is of the impulse to adjacent fiber units, which is possibly related to tactile .
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Question 19 of 28

19. Question
Explain the role of the thalamus in transmitting sensory information for modulation and discrimination
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Question 20 of 28

20. Question
Complete the following paragraph using words from the list below to fill in the blanks

direct / discrimination / modulation / motor / precision / specific / widespread
- The thalamus relays both sensory and information to the cortex. This can be by projection from a specific stimuli to a area of the cortex for discriminative processing or diffuse projection with connections throughout the cortex believed to impact arousal level and .
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Question 21 of 28

21. Question
What role do each of the following limbic system structures play:

i. Hypothalamus

ii. Amygdala

iii. Hippocampus
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Question 22 of 28

22. Question

The limbic system is a system of structures integral to activities related to self-preservation and self-awareness of internal conditions of the body. Match the following descriptions to the correct limbic structure:

Sort elements

Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus

With a primary role of homeostasis this structure is important for modulating pain within different emotional contexts.

This structure plays a role in emotional stability and in responses to fear and anger.

Considered to be a gate-keeper for sensory and motor activities this structure plays a role in behavioral traits of persistence, activity level, recognition of fear, arousal, motivation, and learning from experience.

Correct

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Question 23 of 28

23. Question
Describe the function of each of the following areas of the parietal lobe as it relates to somatosensory processing:

i. Area 1

ii. Area 2

iii. Area 3

iv. Area 5

v. Area 7
- This response will be awarded full points automatically, but it will be reviewed and possibly adjusted after submission.
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Question 24 of 28

24. Question

The parietal lobe is important in the processing and integration of most senses, and is an association are for the spatial aspects of sensory input. Match the following descriptions to the correct parietal lobe area

Sort elements

Area 1
Area 2
Area 3
Area 5
Area 7

This area receives input concerned with cutaneous and deep sensibility

This area responds to stimuli from deep proprioceptors about movement and position sense.

This area receives information from touch, position, pressure, and vibratory sensations.

This area integrates information pertaining to directional motion, shape, texture, weight, temperature changes, and pressure sensations.

This area is a tactile association area that projects to the limbic lobe and plays an anticipatory role in motor actions.

Correct

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Question 25 of 28

25. Question
Describe modulation and discrimination as you would explain these functions to a student. Include the purpose of the function, where inputs are processed, and what functional problems result from each function.
- This response will be awarded full points automatically, but it will be reviewed and possibly adjusted after submission.
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Question 26 of 28

26. Question
Each of the following statements is true about either modulation or discrimination. Please check all statements that are true about modulation
- Is the process by which individuals assess the importance of new sensory stimuli
- Is the process by which individuals assess the salient qualities of specific sensory stimuli
- Is essential for attention and focus, organized behavior, and emotional well being
- Involves the Reticular Activating and Limbic Systems.
- Differences may lead to sensory defensiveness including gravitational insecurity and difficulty maintaining attention
- Important for skill development
- Differences can cause difficulties in motor planning, fine and gross motor control and visual perceptual skills.
- May cause behaviors driven by an excessive need for tactile or proprioceptive input
- Involves the Motor Cortex and Parietal Lobe
Correct

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Question 27 of 28

27. Question
What is the functional implication of the phasic and tonic (primary and secondary afferents) muscle spindle fibers on postural control?
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Question 28 of 28

28. Question
What is the functional implication of the phasic and tonic (primary and secondary afferents) muscle spindle fibers on postural control?
- Primary afferents respond to quick changes in muscle length, but are not involved in postural control.
- Secondary afferents respond more slowly to the position of muscle but are not involved in postural control
- If primary afferent are not functioning, secondary afferents must take over. As a result individuals need to make many movements to maintain postural stability.
- If primary afferent are not functioning, individuals have no way to compensate and lack any postural stability.
- Primary and secondary afferents have no role in postural control
Correct

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